三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報(bào)道
精彩| 夏??(xia)商??(shang)是??(shi)我??(wo)國(guó)??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)上??(shang)最??(zui)早??(zao)出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)的??(de)??，有??(you)別??(bie)于??(yu)酋?(qiu)邦??(bang)、古??(gu)國(guó)??(guo)的??(de)兩??(liang)個(gè)??(ge)早??(zao)期??(qi)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)??。??夏??(xia)商??(shang)時(shí)??(shi)期??(qi)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)歷??(li)史?(shi)已??(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)步??(bu)入??(ru)文??(wen)明??(ming)時(shí)??(shi)代??(dai)??，是??(shi)無(wú)??(wu)可??(ke)爭(zhēng)??(zheng)議??(yi)的??(de)??。然??(ran)而??(er)??，在??(zai)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)??(lian)盟??(meng)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上??(shang)建??(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)來(lái)??(lai)的??(de)夏?(xia)商??(shang)共??(gong)主??(zhu)政??(zheng)體??(ti)制?(zhi)國(guó)??(guo)家?(jia)??，文??(wen)獻(xiàn)??(xian)和??(he)卜?(bu)辭??(ci)中??(zhong)仍?(reng)僅??(jin)僅??(jin)稱??(cheng)作??(zuo)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)、大??(da)邑??(yi)商??(shang)??。《尚??(shang)書??(shu)·湯??(tang)誓?(shi)》：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率??(lv)遏??(e)眾??(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)割??(ge)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)??。”《史?(shi)記??(ji)·殷??(yin)本?(ben)紀(jì)?(ji)》則?(ze)說(shuō)??(shuo)：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率??(lv)止??(zhi)眾??(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)奪??(duo)夏?(xia)國(guó)??(guo)???！痹??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)心??(xin)目??(mu)中??(zhong)??，夏??(xia)邑??(yi)亦??(yi)即??(ji)夏秘(xia)國(guó)??(guo)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)《國(guó)??(guo)語(yǔ)??(yu)·周??(zhou)語(yǔ)??(yu)上??(shang)》說(shuō)?(shuo)：“伊??(yi)洛??(luo)竭??(jie)而??(er)夏??(xia)亡??(wang)???！毕??(xia)商??(shang)時(shí)??(shi)期??(qi)??，政??(zheng)局??(ju)常??(chang)處??(chu)于??(yu)不?(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定??(ding)狀??(zhuang)態(tài)??(tai)??，政??(zheng)治??(zhi)中??(zhong)心??(xin)遷??(qian)徙??(xi)頻??(pin)繁??(fan)??。張??(zhang)衡??(heng)《西??(xi)京??(jing)賦??(fu)》說(shuō)??(shuo)“殷??(yin)人??(ren)屢??(lv)遷??(qian)??，前??(qian)八??(ba)后??(hou)五??(wu)”“不??(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)土??(tu)”??，《尚??(shang)書??(shu)·盤??(pan)庚??(geng)》篇??(pian)也??(ye)謂??(wei)其??(qi)先??(xian)王??(wang)“不?(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)邑??(yi)??，于??(yu)今?(jin)五??(wu)邦??(bang)”??，顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，在??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)看??(kan)來(lái)??(lai)??，商?(shang)邑??(yi)就??(jiu)等??(deng)同??(tong)于??(yu)商??(shang)邦??(bang)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)武??(wu)王??(wang)伐??(fa)紂??(zhou)??，牧??(mu)野?(ye)一??(yi)戰(zhàn)??(zhan)??，周??(zhou)人??(ren)攻??(gong)克??(ke)殷??(yin)都?(dou)而??(er)商??(shang)朝??(chao)滅??(mie)亡??(wang)??。正??(zheng)因??(yin)為??(wei)夏??(xia)商??(shang)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)的??(de)制??(zhi)度??(du)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)保??(bao)留??(liu)有??(you)濃??(nong)厚??(hou)的??(de)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)??(lian)盟??(meng)制??(zhi)殘??(can)余??(yu)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)夏??(xia)商??(shang)時(shí)??(shi)期??(qi)的??(de)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)形??(xing)態(tài)??(tai)和??(he)結(jié)??(jie)構(gòu)??(gou)形??(xing)式??(shi)呈??(cheng)現(xiàn)??(xian)出??(chu)明??(ming)顯??(xian)的??(de)原??(yuan)始??(shi)性??(xing)、松??(song)散??(san)性??(xing)??。由??(you)于??(yu)地??(di)廣??(guang)人??(ren)稀??(xi)??，國(guó)??(guo)土??(tu)狹??(xia)小?(xiao)??，夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)仍??(reng)只??(zhi)是??(shi)王??(wang)國(guó)??(guo)維??(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)所??(suo)說(shuō)??(shuo)的??(de)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之?(zhi)長(zhǎng)??(chang)??，而??(er)非??(fei)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之??(zhi)君??(jun)??。夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)對(duì)??(dui)于??(yu)天??(tian)下?(xia)方??(fang)國(guó)??(guo)能??(neng)夠??(gou)行??(xing)使??(shi)的??(de)權(quán)??(quan)力??(li)非??(fei)常??(chang)有??(you)限??(xian)??，且??(qie)極??(ji)不??(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定??(ding)??。諸??(zhu)如??(ru)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)??，二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)文??(wen)化??(hua)的??(de)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)的??(de)二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)類??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)以??(yi)夏??(xia)族??(zu)為??(wei)主??(zhu)體?(ti)的??(de)夏??(xia)王??(wang)國(guó)??(guo)的??(de)文??(wen)化??(hua)遺??(yi)存??(cun)??。東??(dong)下??(xia)馮??(feng)、楊?(yang)莊??(zhuang)、下??(xia)王??(wang)岡??(gang)和??(he)牛??(niu)角??(jiao)崗??(gang)類??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)文??(wen)化??(hua)和??(he)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)上??(shang)的??(de)共??(gong)同??(tong)體??(ti)??，但??(dan)地??(di)方??(fang)類??(lei)型??(xing)和??(he)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)型??(xing)的??(de)政?(zheng)治??(zhi)關(guān)??(guan)系??(xi)??，到??(dao)底??(di)緊??(jin)密??(mi)到??(dao)什??(shen)么??(me)程??(cheng)度??(du)??，我?(wo)們??(men)無(wú)??(wu)從??(cong)探??(tan)究??(jiu)??。顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，夏??(xia)商?(shang)均??(jun)非??(fei)某??(mou)些??(xie)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)?(xue)者??(zhe)所??(suo)稱??(cheng)土??(tu)廣??(guang)民??(min)眾??(zhong)的??(de)廣??(guang)域??(yu)王??(wang)權(quán)??(quan)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)??，因??(yin)而??(er)很??(hen)難??(nan)視??(shi)為??(wei)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)學(xué)??(xue)視??(shi)閾??(yu)下??(xia)的?(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”???！ ≈??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)文??(wen)明??(ming)形??(xing)成??(cheng)和??(he)早?(zao)期??(qi)國(guó)??(guo)家?(jia)建??(jian)立??(li)后??(hou)??，偃??(yan)師??(shi)二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)、尸??(shi)鄉(xiāng)?(xiang)溝??(gou)和??(he)成??(cheng)周??(zhou)洛??(luo)邑?(yi)所??(suo)在??(zai)河??(he)洛??(luo)一??(yi)帶??(dai)曾??(zeng)長(zhǎng)??(chang)期??(qi)是??(shi)夏??(xia)、商??(shang)、周??(zhou)三?(san)個(gè)??(ge)王??(wang)朝??(chao)的??(de)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)、經(jīng)??(jing)濟(jì)??(ji)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)、文??(wen)化??(hua)中??(zhong)心??(xin)和??(he)水??(shui)陸??(lu)交??(jiao)通??(tong)樞??(shu)紐??(niu)之??(zhi)地??(di)??。??司??(si)馬??(ma)遷??(qian)在??(zai)《史??(shi)記??(ji)·封??(feng)禪??(chan)書??(shu)》中??(zhong)明??(ming)確??(que)寫??(xie)到??(dao)：“昔??(xi)三??(san)代??(dai)之??(zhi)居?(ju)??，皆??(jie)在??(zai)河??(he)洛??(luo)之??(zhi)間??(jian)”??。伊??(yi)洛??(luo)地??(di)區(qū)?(qu)為??(wei)夏??(xia)代??(dai)的??(de)中??(zhong)心??(xin)區(qū)??(qu)域??(yu)??，不??(bu)僅??(jin)見??(jian)于??(yu)文??(wen)獻(xiàn)??(xian)記??(ji)載??(zai)??，也??(ye)從??(cong)考?(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)上??(shang)得?(de)到??(dao)了??(le)二??(er)里??(li)頭?(tou)文??(wen)化??(hua)和??(he)二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)遺??(yi)址??(zhi)有??(you)說(shuō)??(shuo)服??(fu)力?(li)的??(de)印??(yin)證??(zheng)??。從??(cong)夏??(xia)到??(dao)周??(zhou)??，從??(cong)西??(xi)周??(zhou)時(shí)??(shi)期??(qi)青??(qing)銅??(tong)器??(qi)何??(he)尊??(zun)銘?(ming)文??(wen)“宅??(zhai)茲??(zi)中??(zhong)國(guó)?(guo)??，自??(zi)之??(zhi)乂??(yi)民??(min)”及??(ji)《逸??(yi)周??(zhou)書??(shu)·作??(zuo)雒??(luo)》“作??(zuo)大??(da)邑??(yi)成??(cheng)周?(zhou)于??(yu)土??(tu)中??(zhong)”??，《史?(shi)記??(ji)·周?(zhou)本??(ben)紀(jì)??(ji)》所??(suo)記??(ji)洛?(luo)邑??(yi)“乃??(nai)天??(tian)下??(xia)之??(zhi)中??(zhong)??，四??(si)方?(fang)入??(ru)貢??(gong)道??(dao)里??(li)均?(jun)”等??(deng)記??(ji)載??(zai)??，可??(ke)以??(yi)確??(que)知??(zhi)??，西??(xi)周??(zhou)初??(chu)期??(qi)??，河??(he)洛??(luo)一??(yi)帶??(dai)已??(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)逐??(zhu)漸??(jian)成??(cheng)為??(wei)西??(xi)周??(zhou)王??(wang)朝??(chao)的??(de)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)中??(zhong)心??(xin)和??(he)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)意??(yi)義??(yi)上?(shang)的??(de)“天?(tian)下??(xia)之??(zhi)中??(zhong)”、由??(you)此??(ci)可??(ke)見??(jian)??，絕??(jue)大??(da)多??(duo)數(shù)??(shu)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)將??(jiang)河??(he)洛??(luo)一??(yi)帶??(dai)視??(shi)為??(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”的??(de)中??(zhong)心??(xin)區(qū)??(qu)域??(yu)??，是??(shi)頗??(po)有??(you)一??(yi)定??(ding)的??(de)道??(dao)理?(li)的??(de)??。
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