三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報(bào)道
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近??(jin)年?(nian)來(lái)??(lai)??，“最??(zui)早??(zao)的?(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”是??(shi)考??(kao)古?(gu)學(xué)?(xue)界??(jie)使??(shi)用??(yong)較??(jiao)為??(wei)頻??(pin)繁?(fan)且??(qie)爭(zhēng)??(zheng)議??(yi)較?(jiao)大??(da)的??(de)語(yǔ)?(yu)匯??(hui)??。??分??(fen)歧??(qi)的??(de)主??(zhu)要??(yao)原??(yuan)因??(yin)在??(zai)于??(yu)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)對(duì)??(dui)“最??(zui)早?(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”關(guān)??(guan)注??(zhu)的??(de)角??(jiao)度??(du)和??(he)使??(shi)用??(yong)的??(de)標(biāo)??(biao)準(zhǔn)??(zhun)差?(cha)異??(yi)明??(ming)顯??(xian)??。目??(mu)前??(qian)對(duì)??(dui)應(yīng)??(ying)考??(kao)古??(gu)資??(zi)料??(liao)??，中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)界??(jie)對(duì)?(dui)“最?(zui)早??(zao)的?(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”概??(gai)念??(nian)的?(de)理??(li)解??(jie)仍??(reng)存??(cun)在??(zai)較??(jiao)大??(da)分??(fen)歧??(qi)??。比??(bi)如??(ru)??，孫??(sun)慶??(qing)偉??(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)??，從??(cong)何??(he)尊??(zun)銘??(ming)文?(wen)“宅??(zhai)茲??(zi)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”出??(chu)發(fā)??(fa)??，追??(zhui)溯??(su)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”??，必??(bi)須??(xu)回??(hui)歸??(gui)到??(dao)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)和??(he)文??(wen)化??(hua)層??(ceng)面??(mian)來(lái)??(lai)思?(si)考??(kao)??，必??(bi)須??(xu)圍??(wei)繞??(rao)中??(zhong)原??(yuan)華??(hua)夏??(xia)文??(wen)明??(ming)這??(zhe)個(gè)??(ge)核??(he)心??(xin)來(lái)??(lai)探??(tan)討?(tao)??。所??(suo)謂?(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中?(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”??，實(shí)??(shi)際??(ji)上??(shang)就??(jiu)是??(shi)中??(zhong)原??(yuan)華??(hua)夏??(xia)文??(wen)明??(ming)的??(de)最??(zui)早??(zao)凸??(tu)顯??(xian)??。黃??(huang)帝??(di)及?(ji)其??(qi)部??(bu)落??(luo)的??(de)誕??(dan)生??(sheng)代??(dai)表??(biao)了??(le)華??(hua)夏??(xia)文??(wen)明??(ming)的??(de)最??(zui)初??(chu)自??(zi)覺(jué)?(jiao)??，標(biāo)??(biao)志??(zhi)著??(zhe)“中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”觀(guān)??(guan)念??(nian)的?(de)萌??(meng)芽??(ya)??，是?(shi)真??(zhen)正??(zheng)意??(yi)義??(yi)上?(shang)的??(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”??。張??(zhang)國(guó)??(guo)碩??(shuo)先??(xian)生??(sheng)則??(ze)認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)??，探??(tan)討??(tao)何??(he)為??(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”??，應(yīng)??(ying)具??(ju)備??(bei)位??(wei)于??(yu)黃??(huang)河??(he)流??(liu)域??(yu)、進(jìn)??(jin)入??(ru)早??(zao)期??(qi)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)、文??(wen)化??(hua)地??(di)位??(wei)占?(zhan)據(jù)??(ju)優(yōu)??(you)勢(shì)??(shi)等??(deng)三??(san)項(xiàng)??(xiang)基??(ji)本??(ben)條??(tiao)件??(jian)??。綜??(zong)上??(shang)可??(ke)知??(zhi)??，“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)?(guo)”基?(ji)本??(ben)是??(shi)由??(you)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)提??(ti)出??(chu)、使??(shi)用??(yong)并??(bing)在??(zai)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)界??(jie)長(zhǎng)??(chang)期??(qi)聚?(ju)訟??(song)不??(bu)止??(zhi)???？??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)對(duì)??(dui)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中?(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”關(guān)??(guan)注??(zhu)的??(de)角??(jiao)度??(du)和??(he)使?(shi)用??(yong)的??(de)標(biāo)??(biao)準(zhǔn)??(zhun)頗??(po)為??(wei)懸??(xuan)殊??(shu)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)得??(de)出??(chu)的??(de)結(jié)??(jie)論??(lun)??，自??(zi)然??(ran)也??(ye)各??(ge)不??(bu)相??(xiang)同??(tong)??。 學(xué)??(xue)術(shù)??(shu)界??(jie)對(duì)??(dui)中??(zhong)國(guó)?(guo)文??(wen)明??(ming)起??(qi)源??(yuan)和??(he)早??(zao)期??(qi)發(fā)?(fa)展??(zhan)的??(de)研?(yan)究??(jiu)?，由??(you)來(lái)??(lai)已??(yi)久??(jiu)??。??近??(jin)年??(nian)來(lái)??(lai)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)提??(ti)出??(chu)了??(le)進(jìn)??(jin)入??(ru)文??(wen)明??(ming)社??(she)會(huì)??(hui)的??(de)新??(xin)的??(de)標(biāo)??(biao)準(zhǔn)??(zhun)?，即??(ji)生??(sheng)產(chǎn)?(chan)發(fā)??(fa)展??(zhan)?，人??(ren)口??(kou)增??(zeng)加??(jia)?，出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)城??(cheng)市??(shi)；社??(she)會(huì)??(hui)分?(fen)工??(gong)?，階??(jie)層??(ceng)分??(fen)化??(hua)?，出?(chu)現(xiàn)?(xian)階??(jie)級(jí)??(ji)；權(quán)??(quan)力??(li)不??(bu)斷??(duan)強(qiáng)??(qiang)化??(hua)?，出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)王?(wang)權(quán)??(quan)和??(he)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)??。盡??(jin)管??(guan)迄??(qi)今??(jin)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)學(xué)??(xue)術(shù)??(shu)界??(jie)尚??(shang)未??(wei)有??(you)對(duì)??(dui)文??(wen)明??(ming)的??(de)標(biāo)??(biao)志??(zhi)一??(yi)致??(zhi)的??(de)答??(da)案??(an)?，但?(dan)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)們??(men)幾??(ji)乎??(hu)異??(yi)口??(kou)同??(tong)聲??(sheng)地??(di)贊??(zan)同??(tong)馬??(ma)克??(ke)思??(si)主??(zhu)義??(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)典??(dian)作??(zuo)家??(jia)“國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)是??(shi)文??(wen)明??(ming)社??(she)會(huì)??(hui)的?(de)概??(gai)括??(kuo)”的??(de)論??(lun)斷??(duan)?，認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)的??(de)出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)是??(shi)文??(wen)明??(ming)形??(xing)成??(cheng)的??(de)標(biāo)??(biao)志??(zhi)??。既?(ji)然??(ran)如??(ru)此??(ci)?，黃??(huang)帝??(di)及??(ji)其??(qi)部??(bu)落??(luo)的??(de)誕??(dan)生??(sheng)?，或??(huo)公??(gong)元??(yuan)前??(qian)4000年?(nian)左??(zuo)右??(you)的??(de)廟??(miao)底??(di)溝??(gou)時(shí)??(shi)代??(dai)?，正??(zheng)處?(chu)于??(yu)人??(ren)類(lèi)??(lei)學(xué)??(xue)上?(shang)所??(suo)說(shuō)??(shuo)的??(de)氏?(shi)族??(zu)部??(bu)落??(luo)階??(jie)段?(duan)?，或??(huo)者??(zhe)考?(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)上??(shang)所??(suo)說(shuō)??(shuo)的??(de)新??(xin)石??(shi)器??(qi)時(shí)??(shi)代??(dai)早??(zao)中??(zhong)期??(qi)?，或??(huo)即??(ji)蘇??(su)秉??(bing)琦??(qi)先?(xian)生??(sheng)所??(suo)說(shuō)??(shuo)的??(de)“古??(gu)國(guó)??(guo)”時(shí)??(shi)代??(dai)或??(huo)滿(mǎn)??(man)天??(tian)星??(xing)斗??(dou)時(shí)??(shi)代??(dai)?，既??(ji)然??(ran)該??(gai)階??(jie)段??(duan)尚??(shang)未??(wei)建??(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)上??(shang)嚴(yán)?(yan)格??(ge)意?(yi)義??(yi)上?(shang)的??(de)早??(zao)期??(qi)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)?，尚??(shang)未??(wei)步??(bu)入??(ru)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)、歷??(li)史??(shi)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)所??(suo)說(shuō)??(shuo)的??(de)文??(wen)明??(ming)時(shí)??(shi)代??(dai)?，無(wú)??(wu)論??(lun)任??(ren)何??(he)的??(de)文??(wen)化?(hua)圈??(quan)或??(huo)文??(wen)化??(hua)相??(xiang)互??(hu)作?(zuo)用??(yong)圈?(quan)?，顯??(xian)然??(ran)都?(dou)不??(bu)能??(neng)稱(chēng)??(cheng)為??(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的?(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”??。
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