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　　三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報(bào)道

精彩|　　寇??(kou)哲??(zhe)明??(ming)：坦??(tan)白??(bai)說??(shuo)??，很??(hen)多??(duo)西??(xi)方??(fang)人??(ren)對(duì)??(dui)儒??(ru)家??(jia)思??(si)想?(xiang)存??(cun)有??(you)偏??(pian)見??(jian)??，認(rèn)?(ren)為??(wei)它??(ta)陳??(chen)舊??(jiu)保??(bao)守??(shou)??。??事??(shi)實(shí)??(shi)上??(shang)??，儒?(ru)家??(jia)孝??(xiao)文??(wen)化??(hua)在??(zai)中??(zhong)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)上??(shang)經(jīng)??(jing)歷?(li)了??(le)漫??(man)長(zhǎng)??(chang)的??(de)發(fā)??(fa)展??(zhan)??，其??(qi)思??(si)想??(xiang)體??(ti)系?(xi)內(nèi)??(nei)部??(bu)對(duì)??(dui)“孝??(xiao)”的??(de)理??(li)解??(jie)是??(shi)不??(bu)斷?(duan)演??(yan)替??(ti)的??(de)??。儒??(ru)家?(jia)思??(si)想??(xiang)精??(jing)髓??(sui)在??(zai)于??(yu)構(gòu)??(gou)建??(jian)理??(li)想??(xiang)社??(she)會(huì)?(hui)??，但??(dan)它??(ta)并??(bing)不??(bu)強(qiáng)??(qiang)迫??(po)每??(mei)個(gè)??(ge)人??(ren)必??(bi)須??(xu)服??(fu)從??(cong)所??(suo)有??(you)社?(she)會(huì)??(hui)“規(guī)??(gui)則??(ze)”??。從?(cong)歷??(li)史??(shi)縱??(zong)向??(xiang)看??(kan)??，因?(yin)為??(wei)儒??(ru)家??(jia)思??(si)想??(xiang)內(nèi)??(nei)核??(he)非??(fei)常??(chang)尊??(zun)重??(zhong)個(gè)??(ge)人??(ren)感??(gan)受??(shou)和??(he)個(gè)??(ge)人??(ren)反??(fan)思??(si)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)早??(zao)期?(qi)儒??(ru)家??(jia)“孝??(xiao)觀?(guan)”不??(bu)是??(shi)保??(bao)守??(shou)的??(de)盲??(mang)從??(cong)??，也??(ye)不??(bu)是??(shi)盲??(mang)目??(mu)遵??(zun)循?(xun)父?(fu)母?(mu)的??(de)一??(yi)切??(qie)意??(yi)愿??(yuan)??。儒??(ru)家?(jia)先??(xian)賢??(xian)更??(geng)鼓??(gu)勵(lì)??(li)人??(ren)們??(men)自??(zi)我??(wo)反??(fan)思??(si)??，從??(cong)內(nèi)??(nei)在??(zai)發(fā)??(fa)現(xiàn)??(xian)問??(wen)題??(ti)后??(hou)約?(yue)束??(shu)言??(yan)行??(xing)??，從?(cong)而??(er)實(shí)??(shi)現(xiàn)??(xian)“和??(he)諧??(xie)”的??(de)構(gòu)??(gou)建??(jian)??。他??(ta)們??(men)認(rèn)??(ren)為?(wei)??，“孝??(xiao)”應(yīng)?(ying)該??(gai)是??(shi)天??(tian)性??(xing)自??(zi)然??(ran)的??(de)表??(biao)現(xiàn)??(xian)??，是??(shi)對(duì)??(dui)家??(jia)庭??(ting)情??(qing)懷??(huai)的??(de)表??(biao)達(dá)??(da)??。但??(dan)漢??(han)代??(dai)以??(yi)后?(hou)??，社??(she)會(huì)?(hui)制?(zhi)度??(du)發(fā)??(fa)生??(sheng)改??(gai)變??(bian)??，制??(zhi)度??(du)層??(ceng)面??(mian)開??(kai)始??(shi)推??(tui)崇??(chong)“二??(er)十??(shi)四??(si)孝??(xiao)”里??(li)的??(de)一??(yi)些??(xie)故??(gu)事??(shi)??，“孝??(xiao)”成??(cheng)為??(wei)一??(yi)種??(zhong)社??(she)會(huì)??(hui)要??(yao)求??(qiu)??，漸??(jian)漸??(jian)出??(chu)現(xiàn)?(xian)了??(le)“盲??(mang)從??(cong)孝??(xiao)順??(shun)”的??(de)傾?(qing)向??(xiang)??。直?(zhi)到??(dao)魏??(wei)晉??(jin)時(shí)??(shi)期??(qi)??，當(dāng)??(dang)時(shí)??(shi)社??(she)會(huì)??(hui)又??(you)開??(kai)始??(shi)追??(zhui)思??(si)和??(he)反??(fan)思??(si)漢??(han)代??(dai)“孝??(xiao)觀?(guan)”??，而??(er)后??(hou)又??(you)回??(hui)歸??(gui)到?(dao)“自??(zi)然??(ran)天??(tian)性??(xing)”的?(de)解??(jie)讀??(du)上??(shang)???！　∪??(ran)而??(er)??，“孝??(xiao)”在??(zai)西?(xi)方??(fang)始??(shi)終??(zhong)不??(bu)是??(shi)傳??(chuan)統(tǒng)??(tong)思??(si)想??(xiang)的?(de)核??(he)心??(xin)??，英??(ying)文??(wen)里??(li)甚?(shen)至??(zhi)沒??(mei)有??(you)“孝??(xiao)”這??(zhe)個(gè)??(ge)詞??(ci)??。??我??(wo)們?(men)常??(chang)將??(jiang)“孝??(xiao)”翻??(fan)譯??(yi)為??(wei)“filial piety”??，但??(dan)這??(zhe)個(gè)??(ge)詞??(ci)組??(zu)跟??(gen)中??(zhong)國??(guo)文??(wen)化??(hua)語?(yu)境?(jing)中??(zhong)的??(de)“孝?(xiao)”仍??(reng)有??(you)很??(hen)大??(da)區(qū)??(qu)別??(bie)???！癴ilial”是??(shi)拉?(la)丁??(ding)文??(wen)??，一??(yi)個(gè)??(ge)純??(chun)粹??(cui)的??(de)形??(xing)容??(rong)家??(jia)庭祝(ting)關(guān)??(guan)系??(xi)的??(de)詞??(ci)??。而??(er)“piety”的??(de)本??(ben)意??(yi)是??(shi)“虔??(qian)誠??(cheng)”??，且??(qie)是??(shi)一??(yi)種??(zhong)對(duì)??(dui)宗??(zong)教??(jiao)信??(xin)仰??(yang)的??(de)虔??(qian)誠??(cheng)??，兩??(liang)個(gè)?(ge)詞??(ci)放??(fang)在??(zai)一??(yi)起??(qi)的??(de)直??(zhi)接??(jie)含??(han)義??(yi)就??(jiu)是??(shi)“對(duì)??(dui)家??(jia)庭??(ting)的??(de)虔??(qian)誠??(cheng)”??。這??(zhe)從??(cong)某??(mou)種?(zhong)角?(jiao)度??(du)來??(lai)說??(shuo)就??(jiu)是??(shi)西??(xi)方?(fang)世??(shi)界??(jie)對(duì)??(dui)儒??(ru)家??(jia)“孝??(xiao)觀??(guan)”的??(de)理??(li)解??(jie)??。因??(yin)此?(ci)直??(zhi)到??(dao)今??(jin)天??(tian)??，學(xué)??(xue)界??(jie)對(duì)??(dui)將??(jiang)“孝??(xiao)”譯??(yi)為??(wei)“filial piety”都??(dou)有??(you)很??(hen)大??(da)爭(zhēng)??(zheng)議??(yi)??。很??(hen)多?(duo)人??(ren)并??(bing)不??(bu)這??(zhe)樣?(yang)理??(li)解??(jie)“孝??(xiao)觀??(guan)”??，因??(yin)為??(wei)儒??(ru)家??(jia)思??(si)想??(xiang)里??(li)的??(de)“孝??(xiao)”沒??(mei)有??(you)一??(yi)絲??(si)西??(xi)方??(fang)的??(de)宗??(zong)教??(jiao)意??(yi)義??(yi)???！癴ilial piety”這??(zhe)個(gè)??(ge)從??(cong)西??(xi)方?(fang)宗??(zong)教??(jiao)里??(li)衍??(yan)生??(sheng)的??(de)詞??(ci)匯??(hui)??，卻??(que)試??(shi)圖??(tu)用??(yong)來?(lai)解??(jie)釋??(shi)中??(zhong)國??(guo)家??(jia)庭??(ting)觀??(guan)念??(nian)??，這??(zhe)聽??(ting)起??(qi)來??(lai)的??(de)確??(que)不??(bu)太??(tai)準(zhǔn)??(zhun)確??(que)??。美??(mei)國??(guo)著??(zhu)名??(ming)漢??(han)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)安??(an)樂??(le)哲??(zhe)(Roger T. Ames)將??(jiang)“孝??(xiao)”譯?(yi)為??(wei)“family reverence”??，盡??(jin)量??(liang)避??(bi)免??(mian)“虔??(qian)誠??(cheng)”這??(zhe)種??(zhong)過??(guo)于??(yu)沉??(chen)重??(zhong)的?(de)意??(yi)味??(wei)??，畢?(bi)竟?(jing)“孝??(xiao)”是??(shi)天??(tian)性??(xing)自??(zi)然??(ran)??，而??(er)不?(bu)是??(shi)社??(she)會(huì)??(hui)義??(yi)務(wù)??(wu)??，“reverence”更??(geng)強(qiáng)??(qiang)調(diào)??(tiao)這??(zhe)種??(zhong)內(nèi)??(nei)心??(xin)的??(de)情??(qing)感??(gan)??，但??(dan)很??(hen)遺??(yi)憾??(han)??，這??(zhe)個(gè)??(ge)詞??(ci)也??(ye)有??(you)宗??(zong)教??(jiao)意??(yi)義??(yi)??。所??(suo)以??(yi)至??(zhi)今?(jin)我??(wo)們??(men)也??(ye)沒??(mei)有??(you)一??(yi)個(gè)??(ge)被??(bei)廣??(guang)為??(wei)認(rèn)??(ren)可??(ke)的??(de)英??(ying)文??(wen)單??(dan)詞??(ci)能??(neng)直?(zhi)譯??(yi)儒??(ru)家??(jia)思??(si)想??(xiang)中??(zhong)的??(de)“孝??(xiao)”??。

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