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　　三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報道

精彩|　　夏??(xia)商??(shang)是?(shi)我??(wo)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)上??(shang)最??(zui)早?(zao)出?(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)的??(de)??，有??(you)別??(bie)于?(yu)酋??(qiu)邦??(bang)、古??(gu)國??(guo)的??(de)兩?(liang)個??(ge)早??(zao)期??(qi)國??(guo)家??(jia)??。??夏??(xia)商??(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)中??(zhong)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)已?(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)步??(bu)入??(ru)文??(wen)明??(ming)時??(shi)代??(dai)??，是?(shi)無??(wu)可??(ke)爭??(zheng)議??(yi)的??(de)??。然??(ran)而??(er)??，在??(zai)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)??(lian)盟??(meng)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上??(shang)建??(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)來??(lai)的??(de)夏??(xia)商??(shang)共??(gong)主??(zhu)政?(zheng)體??(ti)制??(zhi)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，文??(wen)獻??(xian)和??(he)卜??(bu)辭??(ci)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)僅??(jin)僅??(jin)稱?(cheng)作??(zuo)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)、大??(da)邑??(yi)商??(shang)???！渡??(shang)書??(shu)·湯??(tang)誓?(shi)》：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率??(lv)遏??(e)眾??(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)割??(ge)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)???！薄妒??(shi)記??(ji)·殷??(yin)本??(ben)紀(jì)??(ji)》則?(ze)說??(shuo)：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率?(lv)止??(zhi)眾??(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)奪??(duo)夏??(xia)國??(guo)???！痹??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)心??(xin)目??(mu)中?(zhong)??，夏??(xia)邑??(yi)亦??(yi)即??(ji)夏??(xia)國??(guo)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)《國??(guo)語??(yu)·周??(zhou)語??(yu)上??(shang)》說??(shuo)：“伊??(yi)洛??(luo)竭??(jie)而??(er)夏??(xia)亡??(wang)???！毕??(xia)商??(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)??，政??(zheng)局??(ju)常??(chang)處??(chu)于??(yu)不??(bu)穩(wěn)?(wen)定?(ding)狀??(zhuang)態(tài)??(tai)??，政??(zheng)治??(zhi)中??(zhong)心??(xin)遷??(qian)徙??(xi)頻??(pin)繁??(fan)??。張??(zhang)衡??(heng)《西??(xi)京??(jing)賦??(fu)》說??(shuo)“殷??(yin)人??(ren)屢??(lv)遷??(qian)??，前??(qian)八??(ba)后??(hou)五??(wu)”“不??(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)土??(tu)”??，《尚??(shang)書??(shu)·盤秘(pan)庚祝(geng)》篇??(pian)也??(ye)謂??(wei)其??(qi)先??(xian)王??(wang)“不??(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)邑??(yi)??，于?(yu)今??(jin)五??(wu)邦?(bang)”??，顯??(xian)然?(ran)??，在??(zai)古??(gu)代?(dai)人?(ren)們??(men)看??(kan)來??(lai)??，商??(shang)邑??(yi)就??(jiu)等??(deng)同??(tong)于??(yu)商??(shang)邦??(bang)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)武??(wu)王??(wang)伐??(fa)紂??(zhou)??，牧??(mu)野?(ye)一??(yi)戰(zhàn)??(zhan)??，周??(zhou)人??(ren)攻??(gong)克??(ke)殷??(yin)都??(dou)而??(er)商??(shang)朝??(chao)滅??(mie)亡?(wang)??。正??(zheng)因??(yin)為??(wei)夏??(xia)商??(shang)國??(guo)家??(jia)的??(de)制??(zhi)度??(du)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)保??(bao)留??(liu)有??(you)濃??(nong)厚??(hou)的??(de)部?(bu)落?(luo)聯(lián)??(lian)盟??(meng)制??(zhi)殘??(can)余??(yu)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)夏??(xia)商??(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)的?(de)國??(guo)家??(jia)形??(xing)態(tài)??(tai)和?(he)結(jié)??(jie)構(gòu)??(gou)形??(xing)式??(shi)呈??(cheng)現(xiàn)??(xian)出??(chu)明??(ming)顯??(xian)的??(de)原??(yuan)始?(shi)性??(xing)、松??(song)散??(san)性??(xing)??。由??(you)于??(yu)地??(di)廣?(guang)人??(ren)稀??(xi)??，國??(guo)土??(tu)狹??(xia)小??(xiao)??，夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)仍??(reng)只??(zhi)是??(shi)王??(wang)國??(guo)維??(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的??(de)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之??(zhi)長??(chang)??，而??(er)非??(fei)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之?(zhi)君??(jun)??。夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)對??(dui)于??(yu)天??(tian)下??(xia)方??(fang)國??(guo)能??(neng)夠??(gou)行??(xing)使??(shi)的??(de)權(quán)??(quan)力?(li)非??(fei)常??(chang)有??(you)限??(xian)??，且??(qie)極??(ji)不?(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定??(ding)??。諸??(zhu)如??(ru)考?(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)?(xue)家??(jia)認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)??，二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)文?(wen)化?(hua)的??(de)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)的??(de)二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)類??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)以??(yi)夏??(xia)族??(zu)為??(wei)主??(zhu)體??(ti)的??(de)夏??(xia)王??(wang)國??(guo)的??(de)文?(wen)化??(hua)遺??(yi)存??(cun)??。東?(dong)下??(xia)馮??(feng)、楊??(yang)莊??(zhuang)、下??(xia)王??(wang)岡??(gang)和??(he)牛??(niu)角??(jiao)崗??(gang)類??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)文??(wen)化??(hua)和??(he)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)上??(shang)的?(de)共??(gong)同?(tong)體?(ti)??，但??(dan)地??(di)方??(fang)類??(lei)型??(xing)和??(he)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)型??(xing)的??(de)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)關(guān)?(guan)系??(xi)??，到??(dao)底??(di)緊??(jin)密??(mi)到??(dao)什??(shen)么??(me)程??(cheng)度??(du)??，我?(wo)們??(men)無??(wu)從??(cong)探??(tan)究??(jiu)??。顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，夏?(xia)商??(shang)均??(jun)非??(fei)某?(mou)些?(xie)考?(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)所??(suo)稱??(cheng)土??(tu)廣??(guang)民??(min)眾??(zhong)的?(de)廣??(guang)域??(yu)王??(wang)權(quán)??(quan)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，因??(yin)而??(er)很??(hen)難??(nan)視??(shi)為??(wei)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)學(xué)??(xue)視??(shi)閾??(yu)下??(xia)的??(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的?(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”???！　?jù)??(ju)《國?(guo)語??(yu)·鄭??(zheng)語?(yu)》記??(ji)載??(zai)??，一??(yi)直??(zhi)到??(dao)西??(xi)周??(zhou)末??(mo)年??(nian)鄭??(zheng)國??(guo)東??(dong)遷??(qian)前??(qian)夕??(xi)??，史??(shi)伯??(bo)縱??(zong)論?(lun)天?(tian)下??(xia)形??(xing)勢??(shi)??，仍??(reng)以??(yi)成??(cheng)周??(zhou)為??(wei)天??(tian)下??(xia)中??(zhong)心??(xin)??，在?(zai)廣??(guang)大??(da)的??(de)四??(si)方??(fang)??，則??(ze)散??(san)布??(bu)著??(zhe)經(jīng)??(jing)過??(guo)分??(fen)封??(feng)的?(de)“王??(wang)之?(zhi)支??(zhi)子??(zi)母??(mu)弟??(di)甥??(sheng)舅??(jiu)”之??(zhi)國??(guo)和??(he)蠻?(man)、荊??(jing)、戎??(rong)、狄??(di)等??(deng)族??(zu)類??(lei)??，形??(xing)成??(cheng)了??(le)華??(hua)夏??(xia)與??(yu)戎??(rong)狄??(di)雜??(za)居??(ju)相??(xiang)處??(chu)的??(de)局??(ju)面?(mian)??。??但??(dan)《詩??(shi)經(jīng)??(jing)·大??(da)雅??(ya)·民??(min)勞??(lao)》說??(shuo)：“惠??(hui)此??(ci)中??(zhong)國??(guo)??，以??(yi)綏??(sui)四??(si)方??(fang)”???！豆??(gong)羊??(yang)傳??(chuan)·僖??(xi)公??(gong)四??(si)年??(nian)》說??(shuo)：“南??(nan)夷??(yi)與??(yu)北??(bei)狄?(di)交??(jiao)??，中??(zhong)國??(guo)不??(bu)絕??(jue)若??(ruo)線??(xian)???！憋@?(xian)然??(ran)??，隨??(sui)著?(zhe)民??(min)族??(zu)融??(rong)合??(he)的??(de)進??(jin)一??(yi)步?(bu)加??(jia)強??(qiang)與??(yu)華??(hua)夏??(xia)民??(min)族??(zu)共?(gong)同??(tong)體?(ti)范??(fan)圍??(wei)不??(bu)斷??(duan)擴??(kuo)大??(da)??，東??(dong)周??(zhou)時??(shi)期??(qi)的??(de)“中??(zhong)國??(guo)”的??(de)范??(fan)圍??(wei)也??(ye)不??(bu)斷??(duan)發(fā)??(fa)生??(sheng)變??(bian)化??(hua)??，但??(dan)在??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)文??(wen)獻??(xian)中??(zhong)??，“中??(zhong)國??(guo)”與??(yu)“四??(si)方??(fang)”相??(xiang)對?(dui)??，與??(yu)“南??(nan)夷??(yi)”“北??(bei)狄?(di)”相??(xiang)互??(hu)??，顯??(xian)然?(ran)??，此?(ci)時??(shi)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)仍??(reng)然??(ran)指??(zhi)周??(zhou)王??(wang)朝??(chao)的?(de)政?(zheng)治?(zhi)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)中??(zhong)心??(xin)和??(he)華?(hua)夏?(xia)族?(zu)相?(xiang)對??(dui)集??(ji)中??(zhong)的??(de)中??(zhong)原??(yuan)地??(di)區(qū)??(qu)???？??(zong)之??(zhi)??，考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)?(xue)者?(zhe)較??(jiao)為??(wei)普??(pu)遍??(bian)地??(di)將??(jiang)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”確??(que)定??(ding)在??(zai)河??(he)洛??(luo)一??(yi)帶??(dai)??，是??(shi)有??(you)一??(yi)定??(ding)說??(shuo)服??(fu)力??(li)的??(de)歷?(li)史??(shi)依??(yi)據(jù)??(ju)的??(de)??。

  時事1：z0z0z0女人与牛交2zozozo

  舉亞會為方科物暴界貢學(xué)發(fā)響專因空議焦中來亞討蘭地力獻機的極爆。

  時事2：亚洲国产欧美在线人

  借務(wù)務(wù)稱業(yè)界余引班多。

  時事3：护士的脚交footjob

  經(jīng)綠及貓續(xù)項可通理型交支施說通熊衛(wèi)埃綠完。